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SUNAN, North Korea (AP) — It’s an unlikely sight: hundreds of
ostriches, a bird native to sunny Africa, squatting and squabbling
in the morning chill on a sprawling farm in North Korea. Even
stranger: In winter, some wear quilted vests.
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Built on the heels of a 1990s famine, the ostrich farm was a bold,
expensive investment that the state hoped would help feed its
people and provide goods to export. Years later, ostrich meat is
the specialty at some of Pyongyang’s finest restaurants, but
appears out of the reach of millions of hungry North
Koreans.
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The showcase farm is an idiosyncratic approach to one of the
biggest issues confronting North Korea: food.
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North Korea’s food shortage has reached a crisis point this year,
aid workers say, largely because of shocks to the agricultural
sector, including torrential rains and the coldest winter in 60
years. Six million North Koreans are living “on a knife edge” and
will go hungry without immediate food aid, the World Food Program
said, calling in April for $224 million in emergency
aid.
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North Korean officials have made quiet pleas for help, citing
rising global food prices, shortfalls in fertilizer and the winter
freeze that killed their wheat harvest. In return, they agreed to
strict monitoring conditions – a rare concession.
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Donations, however, have not been flooding the nation considered a
political pariah for its nuclear defiance and alleged human rights
abuses. The European Union is pitching in $14.5 million (10 million
euros), only enough to feed one-tenth of the hungry until the
October harvest. The U.S. has not said whether it will provide
aid.
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Skeptics suspect officials are stockpiling food for gift baskets to
be distributed during next year’s celebrations marking the 100th
anniversary of late President Kim Il Sung’s birth. Others wonder
whether the distribution of food can be monitored closely enough to
ensure it gets to the hungry, not the military and power brokers in
Pyongyang.
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As the political debate continues, aid workers say shelves are bare
and stomachs empty outside Pyongyang. And the question of how to
feed the North Korean people remains unanswered.
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In Pyongyang, food appears plentiful, with sidewalk vendors doing
brisk business selling roasted sweet potatoes and chestnuts, ice
cream bars and griddle-fried pancakes. Those with cash can splurge
on hamburgers and pizza.
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But aid workers say the food shortage is very real in the poor
provinces far from the comparatively prosperous capital
city.
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“It’s now very common to see people with little wicker baskets or
plastic bags collecting whatever is edible” – even roots, grasses
and herbs, said Katharina Zellweger, the longtime Pyongyang-based
North Korea country director for the Swiss Agency for Development
and Cooperation.
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A whole generation of children is not getting the well-rounded
diets needed to develop mentally and physically, she said. UNICEF
estimates one-third of North Korean children suffer malnutrition
and are showing signs of stunted growth.
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“In the residential childcare centers, I did see more severely
malnourished children than I’ve seen in a long time,” Zellweger
said.
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North Korea founder Kim Il Sung, who based his nation’s policy on
the concept of “juche,” or self reliance, had made it his creed to
ensure the people would eat “rice and meat soup.” But the loss of
Soviet aid, followed by natural disasters and a famine that killed
up to 1 million people, forced North Korea to stretch out its hand
for help in the mid-1990s.
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However, his nation has never had it easy when it comes to
agriculture.
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Rugged mountains blanket much of North Korea, leaving less than a
fifth of the land suitable for farming. Winters are long and harsh,
weather conditions volatile.
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For decades, North Koreans have planted just one crop, such as the
Napa cabbage used to make the ubiquitous spicy side dish called
“kimchi.” They have also pumped pesticides into land that was
already acidic, destroying the soil and cutting into the yield,
foreign agronomists say.
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Across the countryside, huge swaths of forest have been cut down,
leaving no protective cover. Every bit of land is tilled and
farmed, even the scrabbly, rocky hillsides and the narrow strips of
grass along the highway.
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With fuel scarce, most farmers rely on oxen. But foot-and-mouth
disease has decimated cattle stocks over the past year, according
to the WFP.
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North Korea, population 24 million with an annual per capita income
of $1,800, has the manpower but lacks the economic and natural
resources to succeed at farming, said Kim Young-hoon from the Korea
Rural Economic Institute in Seoul, South Korea. He said the North
Koreans continue to pursue new ways to stimulate the agricultural
sector but cannot fund their ambitious projects.
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An estimated one-third of North Korea’s people live on some 3,000
farming cooperatives. The countryside is dotted with clusters of
cottages that are complete little villages, with kindergartens,
clinics and fluttering banners urging farmers to help build the
economy.
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At one ambitiously large cooperative in the outskirts of Pyongyang,
the Taedonggang fruit farm, cottages with bright blue roofs house
some 500 families, each home equipped with a TV set at Kim Jong
Il’s orders, according to Kim Mi Hye, a 20-year-old employee at the
farm.
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Fledgling apple trees stretch as far as the eye can see – up to 12
miles (20 kilometers), according to state media.
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After farmers planted nearly 380,000 apple trees in 2009, the
1,500-acre (600-hectare) cooperative has since begun raising pigs
and cultivating bees for honey, farmworker Kim said. The farm is
aiming for a harvest of 30,000 tons of fruit next year, she
said.
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Still, the state’s farming cooperatives don’t yield enough food to
fulfill the late president’s promise of rice and meat soup on every
table.
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For a decade, rival South Korea helped fill the gap, both with aid
and trade. But President Lee Myung-bak stopped nearly all
cooperation with the North last year following a torpedo attack on
a warship that killed 46 South Korean sailors.
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As a result, North Korean exports to South Korea dropped from an
average $40 million a month during the first half of 2010 to an
average $1 million a month so far in 2011, according to the Korea
Development Institute in Seoul.
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The steep loss of income comes at a time of rising global food
prices.
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With rations dwindling, many North Koreans buy their own food
through entrepreneurial means or barter, said Stephan Haggard, a
professor at the University of San Diego who studies the North
Korean economy.
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Others grow what they can in communal gardens. The worst off are
those living in the smaller cities in North Korea’s impoverished,
remote northeast, who do not have the means or connections to
supplement their diminishing rations, experts say.
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Even as the hunger worsens, the state appears determined to rally
national pride at home. A performance at Kim Il Sung plaza attended
by leader Kim and son Kim Jong Un last October depicted dancing
ostriches and fish leaping out of a rollicking sea – homegrown
resources the North Koreans hope will augment the country’s food
supply.
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Immaculate and organized, the ostrich farm in the Pyongyang suburb
of Sunan sits on rolling hills with verdant landscaping, thanks to
the 560,000 trees planted on what was once bare ground. Kim Jong Il
ordered the gawky birds imported from Africa at $10,000 a pop in
the late 1990s, said guide Kim Jin Ok, giving The Associated Press
a private tour.
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But ostriches are native to warm climates, and North Korea is
brutally cold in winter. They’re also still wild at heart,
temperamental, feisty and sensitive to noise, she said.
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“When we brought them from Africa, it was winter and so cold, so we
made vests for them to wear,” Kim recalled with an embarrassed
laugh.
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Today, 10,000 ostriches are grouped in pens that line a long road
dubbed Ostrich Alley. State-of-the-art equipment, including a
gleaming $1.2 million dismembering machine and sausage maker, were
imported from France and Italy.
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Leader Kim so loves to stroll around the farm, surveying Ostrich
Alley from a hilltop perch, that he has made more than 70 visits
over the years, the guide said.
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Why ostriches? “The appeal of ostriches is that nothing is wasted,”
guide Kim said. She showed off goods for sale and on display in a
small shop on the farm grounds: sausages lined up like cigars, high
heels and men’s loafers, wallets and purses, feather dusters and
painted eggs on carved wooden stands.
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A South Korean professor who studies the North’s agriculture
dismissed the farm as a “show” and said ostriches are no real
solution to hunger in North Korea.
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“Ostriches are rich in protein. Ostrich farms have nothing to do
with improving the people’s lives,” Kim Kyung-ryang of Kangwon
National University said. “Vegetables are what matter. Food other
than staples are a luxury.”
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—
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Associated Press writer Sam Kim in Seoul, South Korea, contributed
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