The federal government has spent millions of dollars to help farmers nationwide buy greenhouse-like structures called high tunnels that can add valuable weeks and even months to their growing seasons by protecting produce from chilly temperatures.
About $13 million has gone to more than 2,400 farmers in 43 states to help pay for the low-tech tunnels that look like a cross between Quonset huts and conventional greenhouses. The structures, also known as hoop houses, have been particularly beneficial in the North, where they allow farmers to plant as much as four weeks early and keep growing later in the fall.
Experts say high tunnels employ efficient drip irrigation systems and reduce pest problems, diseases and fertilizer costs.
One of the biggest advocates is Terry Nennich, an extension educator at the University of Minnesota-Crookston, who first learned of them on a 1999 trip to Normandy in northern France. Few U.S. farmers were using high tunnels then, he said.
The French are “kind of light years ahead of us,” Nennich said. “People there are more concerned about their food and pesticides and quality and freshness. Their climate isn’t as severe in the wintertime, but they don’t have a lot of heat up there in the summer.”
High tunnels typically consist of a series of hoops covered with plastic that can be rolled up on the sides to allow air circulation.
They have been a “game changer” for Earl Snell, who grows organic heirloom tomatoes in two tunnels near Skipperville in southeastern Alabama.
Snell said he now can grow the tomatoes year-round and compete with southern Florida farmers, who usually produce most of the nation’s winter tomatoes. An usual, severe freeze in Florida this year has damaged crops and pushed up produce prices.
To promote high tunnels, the USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service started a three-year pilot program through its “Know Your Farmer, Know Your Food” initiative. It provided $13 million in the fiscal year that ended last Sept. 30, and more money is available this year.
USDA Deputy Secretary Kathleen Merrigan said the program supports the agency’s mission in helping small- and mid-sized farms thrive and in encouraging sound conservation practices. She said interested farmers should contact their local NRCS offices.
“It really is a great opportunity for farmers who want to extend their season and add some money to their bottom line,” errigan said.
Tomatoes are probably the most profitable high tunnel crop, but cucumbers and peppers also generate good return, said Karl Foord, a University of Minnesota extension educator in Farmington. Farmers nationwide also use high tunnels for strawberries, raspberries, melons, salad greens, onions, sweet corn, ginger and flowers.
Mark Boen just added his eighth high tunnel at his farm near Fergus Falls in northwest Minnesota, where he describes the weather as “winter, winter, winter.”
“The season is so short that high tunnels really make a difference,” he said.
His high tunnels are relatively large at 30 feet by 96 feet. Each of the four he uses for tomatoes hold about 450 plants, which he said yield an average of about 50 pounds per plant per season. That adds up to about 22,000 pounds per tunnel and a nice income. Snell’s primary crops were peanuts and watermelons before he built his high tunnels last winter. His hold about 400 tomato plants each, and he sells to restaurants, grocers and consumers. He said he and his wife are so pleased they plan to add three more.
While the federal program covers about half of the cost of a high tunnel, Snell, who is African-American, qualified under a provision for “historically underserved producers” that picks up 75-90 percent.
“I couldn’t have done it without them … It’s saved us,” Snell said.
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