A new study that suggests that racial differences in biology could be a key reason black women are more likely to die of breast cancer than white women
has reignited an intense debate among medical experts about the role of genetics versus factors such as poverty, diet and unequal access to quality health care.
For nearly three decades, researchers have known about the disparity in death rates, but they have been puzzled over the reasons why. In Maryland, for example, the breast cancer death rate for black women is 15 percent higher than for white women, even though African-Americans have a lower incidence of the disease. State health officials, doctors and advocacy groups have long thought a combination of factors explained the disparity and have vowed to shrink the gap through better research, aggressive treatment and outreach efforts aimed at getting black women life-saving care.
But researchers worry that a biological explanation may eclipse the real barriers black women face to getting the early preventive care that might save their lives.
Robena Pope, a breast cancer survivor from Catonsville, thinks black women, regardless of income, are reluctant to be screened for breast cancer because they think a diagnosis is a death sentence.
Years ago, the former teacher at an early child development center in Baltimore took it upon herself to educate the mothers and grandmothers of her students about breast cancer – few had ever had a mammogram. Pope invited a doctor at her primary care practice to come to the school to offer education sessions on breast cancer with the women. The effort is now an annual outreach event.
“Even women who had insurance, they didn’t want a mammogram,” she said. “They just didn’t want to know.”
The newest national study on the problem examined some 20,000 adults with various cancers and found that blacks were more likely than whites to die of three gender-related cancers – ovarian, prostate and breast. The disparity persisted, even when patients received the same treatment and when researchers adjusted for factors such as age, income and the severity of the illness.
The risk of dying for blacks was 41 percent higher than whites for breast cancer before menopause, and 49 percent higher for post-menopausal breast cancer, according to the paper, published this month in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.
The findings suggest that socioeconomic status and access to care alone can’t explain the survival gap – as many researchers had speculated. Rather, the disparity is likely caused by interactions among hormones, differences in the biology of the tumors and racial differences in genes that control the metabolism of drugs, said Dr. Kathy S. Albain, breast and lung cancer specialist at Loyola University Medical Center in Maywood, Ill., and the study’s lead author.
Despite the study’s findings, some experts are skeptical that biology explains the disparity in death rates. The study had certain limitations: It did not explain whether other health problems might have contributed to the disparity or specify how participants adhered to their drug therapies. In addition, for years, other studies have shown that socioeconomic factors, social inequities and other barriers keep African-Americans from receiving quality health care. And some think that one’s environment – from diet, chemical exposures and cultural influences – might impact biology.
“I am very concerned that folks will take this and walk away from it with the wrong impression,” said Dr. Otis W. Brawley, chief medical officer for the American Cancer Society and an expert on racial disparities. “People might say, we don’t have to worry about getting adequate care to blacks, because it doesn’t matter. It’s all biology.”
Still, to other experts, the findings are important because they shed a little more light on the mystery behind the racial differences – a field that desperately needs more research.
“In my 30 years as a researcher … only now people are awakening and addressing that there is a disparity,” said Saraswati Sukumar, a professor of oncology and co-director of the Breast Cancer Program at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center. “Some people are still skeptical that there even is a disparity. That’s why I like this paper. It’s clear. Look at the numbers.
“We need to be asking how can we change this?” said Sukumar, who is researching how certain gene changes may make African-Americans more susceptible to getting breast cancer. She hopes the findings can help doctors detect the disease earlier in blacks. “How can we improve this? It’s very, very important.”
The black/white survival gap didn’t exist before 1981, said Brawley. Since then, as the disparity has widened, researchers have asked whether the cause is biology, environment or a combination. They have also discovered key ways the disease impacts black women. For instance, their cancers are often detected in late stages. Blacks are more likely to have a form of breast cancer known as “triple negative,” which is rare, aggressive and hard to treat. Women with this type lack the three hormone receptors that are the target of the most effective drug treatments.
Dr. Katherine Tkaczuk, director of the breast evaluation and treatment program at the University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, said getting African-Americans into clinical trials is key to better understanding possible differences in biology and discovering the best treatments. In the Loyola study, which was based on findings in a clinical trial, for instance, just 10 percent of the participants were black.
“Actual participation with a clinical trial has been associated with better survival,” she said. “They receive the more aggressive treatment, the newer treatment and the adherence to the treatment regimens is better. … This is how we make progress, how we incrementally improve cure rates.”
Pope, 60, a mother to four daughters who was diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer in 2002, jumped at the chance to enroll in a five-year drug trial Tkazcuk is leading. “I did it for my girls, my nieces and everyone out there that I know who has died of it,” she said.
Pope thinks she has increased awareness among her circle of friends and family, mostly by using herself as an example. Her cancer, in remission for two years, was caught early, she says, because she never missed an annual screening.
Brawley said his studies suggest fatalism and a lack of hope among black women lead some to dismiss screening and even forego treatment once diagnosed.
Those attitudes underscore the need for quality health care years before women are diagnosed with breast cancer, he said.
“Educate the women before they get breast cancer, get them good primary care so they have good preventive care and good information about breast cancer,” he said.
The Baltimore City Cancer Program of the University of Maryland Medical Center tries to provide that kind of early education. It has offered more than 7,000 free breast cancer screenings to city residents since 2001, targeting minority patients.
The program, with the help of foundation grants and money from the state’s cigarette restitution fund, offers free cancer screening to low-income minorities and connects them to resources to cover the cost of their treatment, medicine and even transportation to doctor’s offices, if they are diagnosed.
And yet, some women don’t go for follow-up appointments, even when the costs are covered, said Rhonda Silva, an administrator with the program. “They’re afraid to take off work, afraid to lose their jobs,” she said. “They have to watch their kids, their grandkids. They may have a family member who died of cancer. … Most of all, they’re scared.”
Silva said social workers and nurses hold patients’ hands through the process, attend doctors visits with them and even visit them at home just to pop in and see how they are doing. And sometimes they’re just there to listen.
“First, you got to listen to the barriers that people are going through,” she said. “Once you listen and are compassionate to their concerns and their needs, we find that it opens the door.”
Racial disparities in breast cancer in Maryland
The 2005 Maryland Cancer Registry found:
•Black women were 15 percent more likely to die of breast cancer than white women.
•The incidence of new breast cancer cases in black women was 10 percent lower than for white women.
•Forty-seven percent of black women with breast cancer were diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease, compared to 34 percent of white women.
