Where you live in Indianapolis has a significant impact on how long you live. The gap in life expectancy between different ZIP codes in the Indianapolis metro area is nearly 17 years, according to a new study by Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health and SAVI, a community data center based at IUPUI.
The study looked at 104 ZIP codes in greater Indianapolis from 2014 to 2018. It found the gap has widened by 3.2 years since an earlier study completed in 2013. Residents of the longest-living communities lived 16.8 years more than those in the shortest-living ZIP codes in the Indianapolis metro area.
“The gap in life expectancy is just the final manifestation in a series of gaps during living years,” said Tess Weathers, research associate at the IU Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health and the lead researcher.
The ZIP code 46218 is located a few miles away from the heart of the city and is home to the predominantly Black, low-income neighborhood of Martindale-Brightwood. That ZIP code has the lowest life expectancy in the metro area of 68 years. ZIP code 46037, where the suburb of Fishers is located, has the highest life expectancy at 84.4 years. The distance between the two ZIP codes is just 17 miles — less than a 20-minute car drive.
For context: According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention data, Indiana ranks 39th among all states when it comes to life expectancy. Still, the gap between Indiana and the highest-ranked state in the country — California — is far smaller than the gap between the longest-living and the shortest-living ZIP codes in the Indianapolis metro area. That gap is just 4 years.
On average, life expectancy in Indianapolis metro ZIP codes decreased by 0.24 years from 2013. But this decrease was not shared equally. In fact, many ZIP codes — predominantly white with higher income — have gained up to 6.7 years in lifespan, while other ZIP codes in the urban core — predominantly Black and brown neighborhoods — lost up to 5.3 years.
This highlights egregious inequities in health, education and environmental quality facing communities of color in Indianapolis.
The study looked at the period before the COVID-19 pandemic and does not reflect the loss of life that affected Americans overall and the disproportionate impact that Black and brown Americans experienced as a result of the pandemic.
“The same underlying social vulnerabilities that shortened lives during COVID were already shortening lives in the decades before COVID,” Weathers said. “And they will continue to shorten lives in the future unless we take action.”
Lost life across age groups
While life expectancy is commonly understood as the average number of years lived since birth, it is measured at different age groups — essentially measuring how long a person is expected to live after they reach a certain age.
“The remarkable thing is that the [life expectancy] gap is persistent along the age spectrum,” Weathers said.
The new study shows the biggest gap in life expectancy is in fact at the birth. This means a child born in neighborhoods with a lower life expectancy is likely to live a shorter life than one born in neighborhoods with a higher life expectancy. This gap narrows when a person lives until 55 years of age. And then widens again at age 85.
In other words, babies living in the communities with lower life expectancy are expected to live only 80% of the life span of babies in higher life expectancy. And elders who reach 85 years of age would live only 7% of the remaining life that their counterparts in higher life expectancy zip codes live.
Education
The report looked at the many factors contributing to this troubling gap. Educational attainment seems to be one of the most telling factors in the life expectancy of a population. In Indiana, those who have not completed high school are four times more likely to be in fair or poor health compared to those with college degrees. The study shows education explains as much as 57% of the life expectancy gap.
Researchers believe that is due in part to the cascade effect educational attainment has on a person’s life — education provides less precarious employment opportunities and the ability to earn a higher income. Another earlier study co-authored by IU researchers showed being in a precarious employment situation negatively affects the health of an individual, especially during environmental or health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Income, segregation and quality of life
The study also looked at the ZIP codes with the highest segregation rates. The average life expectancy at birth of those who lived in the most segregated ZIP codes was 3.9 years less than those in the lesser segregated ZIP codes.
Historically racist practices like redlining in which residents were denied access to loans and neighborhoods were graded from A to D — A being “best” and D being “hazardous” — led to decades of disinvestment in certain neighborhoods. The grading system was primarily based on race, and neighborhoods with Black residents often received the “hazardous” designation.
The impact of this racist system lives on. Black Americans have less generational wealth, less access to opportunities and live in neighborhoods with lower quality environmental conditions and access to basic services.
“Wherever redlining was high, opportunities is low,” said Matt Nowlin, user experience designer and data analyst with the Polis Center at IUPUI.
He referred to historic maps of redlining and current maps that show the correlation between the racist practice and current neighborhood segregation, economic opportunity and even health disparities.
Indianapolis ranks 42nd on a list of 114 most segregated cities in the country and the legacy of this segregation is glaring — even more so than in other major metros in the U.S. A study that ranked the 100 largest metros in the country found Indianapolis to be among the worst 10 cities to live as a poor person. A low-income person in Indianapolis lives a shorter life than a low-income person in New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago. The study says other cities offer better access to necessary services like education, grocery stores, transportation and employment, which partially mitigates the impact of poverty.
For instance, a 2019 study by SAVI showed 22% of Indianapolis residents live in a food desert. Thirty-two percent of Black Hoosiers live in a food desert as opposed to 17% of white Hoosiers.
“These are social toxins just as deadly and far more entrenched than COVID,” Weathers said.
No clear cut answer
The study does not establish any causative relationship between certain socioeconomic or health factors and life expectancy. But the Indianapolis ZIP code data revealed in this study clearly points to the fact that where someone lives and their race can be a predictor of their length and quality of life.
She said the community’s focus should shift from longevity and extending people’s lives to bridging the striking gaps in life expectancy within our own backyard.
“We need to stop blaming the people who live in these places. This is a society-produced problem,” Weathers said. “It takes all of us. It must not be something that we just put off.”
This story was reported as part of a partnership between WFYI, Side Effects Public Media and the Indianapolis Recorder. Contact Farah Yousry at fyousry@wfyi.org or 857-285-0449. Follow her on Twitter @Farah_Yoursrym.
